AIDS :: Free AIDS Essays

AIDS Invades Rural America   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AIDS has been a problem in the United States for many years now. However, many people view victims of AIDS as homosexuals or drug users; this is no longer the case. AIDS is now being spread through teenagers in rural America. Many problems have arisen from the increasing number of victim in smaller America cities where hospitals and doctors are not able to provide suffienct treatment because of a lack of funding and experience. Also, the young adults that have no contracted the virus are victims of emotional and verbal abuse, because small-town America is not used to dealing with the AIDS virus. AIDS has made it’s way into rural America and the people do not know how to cope with the new face of Aids, the hospitals do not know how to treat the patients and the cites have a huge financial burden.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The new face of AIDS is very hard for many small towns to understand. Jamestown, in northwest New York State, is the newest town in which one man, who was infected himself, succeed in infecting many teenagers with AIDS one at a time. According to officials, more than ten young women in Jamestown and surrounding villages had tested positive for the AIDS virus. â€Å"This new face of AIDS is not only young, female, and heterosexual; increasingly it is also rural† (Brownlee 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"There are greater amounts of support are related to higher numbers of coping strategies and a stronger likelihood of reporting a parent's cause of death as AIDS. It was noted that female adolescents reported more coping strategies than did male adolescents† (Dillon 1999: 183). Preventing the contacting of AIDS is one of the many steps today’s teenagers need to be taught in school. Children need to be taught abstinence programs. Abstinence programs are the best method of teaching children safe sex and not condoms. Stuart Berman believes that all abstinence programs are promising and should continue to be funded (Berman 1999: 1486)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Using condoms gives adolescents a feel of security, which they should not have. Condoms give a sense of illusion, whereas, through condoms people are still able to contract AIDS and STD’s. â€Å"Suggestions for intervention include providing information about the illusory nature of some protective strategies and a focus on failing to protect oneself from STD’s† (Thompson 1999: 38).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"In rural counties across the nation, and especially throughout the South, AIDS cases are on the rise, sometimes at an alarming rate.

Linguistics and Language Essay

?Write about the 2 theories of 1st language acquisition and choose which most tenableand provide examples and relevant literature one you find Michelle In this essay, I will explain as well as compare two theories of first language acquisition, behaviorism and innatism. I will explore the differences between them in such categories as the role of the learner, the role of the environment and as well as their strengths and weaknesses. I will then state and explain which one I find more tenable with examples of relevant literature. Role of the Learner Behaviorism, credited to B. F. Skinner in the 1950s, states that the learner knows nothing to start with, he is an empty slate [o1] to be taught. The learner is passive and learns by positive-negative reinforcement, only repeating what he hears. Innatism, credited to Noam Chomsky in 1965, states that the learner is wired from birth for language. The learner is equipped with a LAD, a language acquisition device. This device allows the learner to discover the rules of his language, any language. Role of the Environment Behaviorism states that the role of the environment is key and vital to the learning process. The environment is the active agent while the learner is the passive agent. The environment produces the necessary language input for the learner. It is up to the environment to give positive and negative reinforcement for the learner. Innatism states that the role of the environment is minimal because it only acts as the trigger for learning. It is also thought the environment is flawed and can’t be relied upon to always give perfect information. Therefore, it is up to the learner to find the rules of the language[o2] . Strengths There are a few strengths to support the behaviorism theory. It is easy to monitor the learners’ performance. This is how parents (as teachers) usually teach their children, through nurturing which puts emphasis on the role of the environment. This theory can also explain why learners have the ability to memorize. On the other hand, there are several strengths of the innatism theory. A learner cannot memorize all the possible different language and grammar combinations that he learns through the environment. The LAD helps the learner to generalize rules and make his own creative use of the language. A child will resist using an irregular form because of over-generalizing, and he will create his own form of a word according to the rules that he has internalized. And these rules don’t necessarily conform to adult grammar rules which include many exceptions. By applying these internalized and generalized rules, a child is able to acquire a language at a fast pace. [o3] Weaknesses The Behaviorism theory only accounts for the performance of the learner, and not on his competence. The learner is passive, so this theory does not focus on the learner’s mind and knowledge. It also does not explain why children acquire a language so quickly even if they are exposed to different environments. In addition, this theory also doesn’t offer an explanation of why children over-generalize rules such as the simple past tense of irregular verbs even though they hear irregular forms in the environment. There are also several weaknesses to the Innatism theory. One of the first weaknesses is that it demands the existence of the Language Acquisition Device (LAD), its existence is difficult to prove and is immeasurable. This theory also doesn’t take into account different kinds of learners, just ideal learners with ideal grammar. The environment plays a minor role in this theory, so it doesn’t take into account the social aspect of the learner. My Opinion Looking at the two of these theories, I find the Innatism theory the most tenable. In my own experience with my children and students, the learners do not always model my behavior. This usually occurs with irregular patterns, particularly past tense verbs. This is similar to the â€Å"wug† test where a child will form a past tense of a verb that he has never heard before by applying the general grammar rules that he has learned. This behavior cannot be memorized and must be driven by an internal structure. Another reason to support this theory is that learners with impaired intelligence have been able to learn the structure of language. It has also been proven that American Sign Language which is taught to the deaf also has its own language structure. In addition, the creation of Creole languages supports the theory. As a Creole develops, grammar and structure are built in. The LAD would account for the formation of these languages as well as for creative uses of language by a learner. Conclusion In this essay I have explained two theories of language acquisition, behaviorism and innatism. In doing so, I have explained the different roles of the learner as well as the environment. I have also explored strengths and weaknesses of each theory and why I support the innatism theory over the behaviorism theory[o4] . [o1]Good one, I forgot this in my essay [o2]Do you think you should mention poverty of stimulus here? [o3]ording? [o4]Well done Michelle. Do you think you should include UG and CPH in your essay? I think UG is an important part of Innatism, what do you think? __________________________________________________________________ David One theory of first language acquisition is Universal Grammar, set forth by Chomsky in 1959 as a response to Skinner’s (1957) Verbal Behavior. Whereas the latter theory, proposed that the learning of language is through the acquisition of habits, which are positively or negatively reinforced, Chomsky posited that humans come into the world with an innate language faculty in their mind, or a universal grammar. Universal grammar is built off of two propositions, that all languages are governed by a set of universal principles, and that the mind is equipped with parameters which are set intuitively by the child according to the language input they receive. UG researchers have found a number of universal principles. One of the more prominent principles is structure dependency. Structure dependency states that all sentences regardless of the language are built off of propositions that carry both a noun and a verb phrase; in other words, every sentence in every language must have at least a subject and a verb (Chomsky, 1959). One parameter setting that is contained in the LAD is the head setting. Some languages such as English are head first, other languages such as Japanese are head last. Various arguments have been used to support the existence of universal grammar. Chomsky (1959) has proposed the poverty of the stimulus argument, positing that the input children receive cannot account for what they produce, and therefore, children must have an innate facility. He argues that the input is marred in two ways; first it contains a hodgepodge of performance slips, and secondly, it does not contain any negative evidence. How do children acquire language when they don’t know what they can’t say, or how do they learn to speak correctly when the input they here is at times in correct? They do so, according to Chomsky, through this innate capacity. Jackendoff (1994) offers another argument in support of universal grammar, the argument from expressive variety. Jackendoff argues that given that languages are recursive, there is simply no way of storing all of the possible sentences one can create in one’s mind. In other words, sentences don’t come from habits, but rather from creative expression. Universal grammar has had a lot of capital in language acquisition theory, although it has been critiqued on some fronts. Connectionists, particularly, N. Ellis (2006) has argued that language acquisition is not due to an innate faculty and the creative expression of humans, but equates it to a usage-based approach where children learning piecemeal frequently reoccurring chunks of language. Another argument against the innate language faculty is that UG researchers have claimed that only humans have access to syntax, yet this has been found not to be true. Certain animals, such as the humpback whale and songbirds have been found to possess a recursive syntax, suggesting that syntax and language may have evolved from lower order primates. Whereas universal grammar begins with language from the inside, Sociocultural theory, another prominent first language acquisition, posits language acquisition begins from the outside. Vygotsky, the founder of sociocultural theory, argues that language is a psychological tool, which children acquire and learn to manipulate as they interact with their environment and with more capable peers (Vygotsky, 1978). Children first learn language as they interact with their parents. Parents use caretaker speech, which makes it easier for the child to understand and grasp a hold on the concepts of the language. As the child begins to understand and produce simple utterances, they are able to use the language to mediate their psychological functioning (Vygotsky, 1978). Vygotsky argues that children begin learning language by first learning single words, which are pure meaning. As they develop their language skills, and engage in social speech, single word sentences are augmented through incorporation of non-meaningful elements, such as function  words, and the child’s thoughts and words begin to develop more sense meanings. For instance, where the word ‘cat’ for the 1 or two year old child could have served as an exemplar for all cats, by the time the child is nine, and having undergone a variety of experiences related to cat, they have imbibed the word with their own unique senses. Thus syntax and word senses expand, the more a child learns. Now, whereas social speech began from one and developed into many, inner speech, the speech that goes on inside of our heads becomes more and more truncated. Vygotsky argues, contrary to Piaget, that egocentric speech does not ‘disappear’ rather it becomes internalized as inner speech. And this inner speech is something that could not be understood by anybody but the person who is thinking it. Vygotsky suggests that just as people who have known each other for many years, and who have had a large amount of experiences together exhibit language tendencies of shortened syntax because of their historical shared experience, a person’s inner speech also exhibits this characteristic, but even more so; the stuff of thought is nothing but psychological predicates (Vygotsky, 1978). One of the primary ways humans learn anything, according to Vygotsky, is through the zone of proximal development. This concept explains that what a person can do today with assistance, they can do tomorrow by themselves (Vygotsky, 1978). Applied to first language acquisition, the child may receive help from an expert, such as their parents, who point at objects and say their name, for example, cat. After seeing this, the child may repeat ‘cat’ immediately after. The next day, as the child sees the cat, it says the word ‘cat’ without needing to be told by their parents. The closer an expert is able to gauge one’s ZPD, the more optimal the learning environment becomes. __________________________________________________________ Laleh Innatism Chomsky (1959) opposed Skinner’s (1957) behaviorist viewpoint in language acquisition, who claimed that language acquisition takes place through habit formation and stimulus-response. Skinner, believed that as a child acquires language, he internalizes a finite set of responses to stimuli. Chomsky on the other hand, believes that language acquisition is rule governed and that children construct their own rules, which may not comply with adult rules. Chomsky maintains that languages consist of an infinite number of sentences and cannot be learned through habit formation. Language is too complex to be learned in such a short amount of time (Chomsky, 1959). He believes that every human is born with an innate language learning capacity, which is embedded in the language acquisition device (LAD). Chomsky believes that all language share grammatical structures. This is called universal grammar (UG). Proof of UG includes poverty of stimulus, which explains how children acquire the language despite their limited exposure and incorrect input they may receive. Another evidence for UG that languages are recursive, (Jackendoff, 1994). It is impossible to know all the possible combinations; however, they are learned by children. According to UG, there must be some sort of innate capacity that provides the additional information. The fact that children are resistant to correction once again proves that language is developed through an innate capacity. According to Chomsky (1959), all languages share principles, which are invariable across languages. For example, noun phrases and verb phrases. This is called structure dependency. All languages have verbs and nouns. What distinguishes languages from each other according to Chomsky, are parameters, which are language specific. For example, some languages are head first, and some are head last. In relation to UG, Eric Lenneberg (1967) introduced the Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH), which is a window of language learning opportunity before puberty. Proponents of CPH believe after this period, language learning becomes a much more difficult task and adults tend to rely on other mechanisms such as problem solving skills, reasoning, and deductive instruction to learn a language. Evidence of the CP is for example abused children, who despite being removed from the environment where they were deprived of social contact, were not able to learn the language. There have been many criticisms to Chomsky’s UG, for example, the LAD cannot be located and is immeasurable. Also, Chomsky’s theories overlook the effects of social contact and the environment on language learning. Social interactionist Vygotsky (1978) was a strong proponent of the social interaction hypothesis. He believed that learning takes place through social interaction, and give and take of information with caregivers, parents, or peers. According to  Vygotsky, children begin with external speech, which could consist of one word only, but have the meaning of a whole sentence. Gradually, as the child grows older, he develops more complex and longer sentences and associates more meaning with his words. A child also engages in private speech (similar to adults), which is usually meant for problem solving or thinking out loud, but is not meant for sharing although articulated. Vygotsky believes that as the child develops more linguistic skills, this private speech becomes internalized and turns into inner speech, which is pure meaning, and does not consist of subjects; it is predicated. On the contrary, Piaget (1955) believed that inner speech simply disappears. Vygotsky also proposes the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), which is the distance between what a child can do without help, and what he can do when scaffolding or support is provided. When a child receives the right scaffolding, he will eventually be able to perform the task on his own. __________________________________________ Karen Innatism Noam Chomsky (1959) introduces Innatism as a rebuttal to B. F. Skinner (1957) and his Behaviorist Theory. In direct opposition to the environment being the active participant in language learning, Chomsky flips behaviorism on its head and presents the learner as having a primary role while environment becomes secondary. Within the Universal Grammar Theory (UG), Noam Chomsky (1959) presents a Language Acquisition Device (LAD) that is responsible for the language learning process. Purely biological, language is filtered through the innate LAD that is structured with principles that are unchanging and parameters that vary according to the language being learned. Proofs to support this theory are many. Syntax and the head-first/head-last parameter are two such proofs. As a child learns language, they hold to one of only two possibilities in any given language – head-first and head-last – and language is formed through recursion and syntactic movement that follow a pattern within a particular language. This shows that language is rule-governed and that the LAD is programmed with language foundations from which a child can develop. That children are resistant to correction follows this same thought as they develop language through the LAD. Language is not linked to intelligence as we see in brain damaged adults who are completely coherent in language skills and others who are cognitively normal but cannot speak correctly. Stroke victims also show that, depending on the area of the brain that is affected, intelligence and speech are not linked. Broca’s and Wernicke’s Aphasias show that certain areas of the brain affect speech while intelligence remains unaffected. As evidenced by the Gopnik family, genetic impairments have also proven that a glitch in the UG can be passed down from one generation to another, thus proving that the LAD is indeed biological (Jackendoff, 113). Eric Lenneberg’s Critical Period Hypothesis (1967) and the cases of â€Å"wild children† are yet further evidence. Lenneberg holds that the LAD becomes dormant or ineffective after a certain age – around the age of 12 – and this is why children acquire language so much more quickly than adults who are attempting the same. Through these studies of particular children who did not learn language and who were void of contact with language as a whole, it shows that the younger the child, the more fully they were able to learn language. Once a child was passed the age of 12 or so, they were unable to acquire proper language skills. The younger children were not only able to learn more adequately but then went on to continue in the language learning process as a normal adult would. As many proofs as there are for Chomsky’s UG and the LAD, criticisms are plentiful as well. First and foremost, where is the evidence that a device like LAD exists? It certainly has not been located in the brain, therefore, it remains immeasurable and some have serious doubt as to its legitimacy. This theory also limits the role of the environment and gives no account for the social context of the language learning process. It idealizes the speaker and the grammar itself to a certain degree and packages the entire process a bit too neatly. Cognitive Development Theory Jean Piaget’s (1955) work in cognitive development is foundational on many levels. Watching his own children, nature, and certain study groups of young children, Piaget introduces a theory that is completely developmental. As a child is ready and developed (both biologically and cognitively), they are able to assimilate, accommodate and adapt new experiences. Underlying in this theory is reasoning and logic. The role of the environment is minimal and the learner is vital but only as they are cognitively developed and ready for new experiences. A child will not learn what they are not cognitively developed to receive at that point no matter what the instruction. Piaget holds to the notion of children developing schema. As a new experience is received and they are biologically and cognitively ready to receive it, they will develop new schema to fit into the framework of schema that they already have developed. This theory also relies heavily on egocentric and socialized speech with each one serving a different function. Egocentric speech is what is used (mainly by children) when words and thoughts are spoken out loud but the one speaking is only dealing with their own thoughts and ideas. Socialized speech is a shift away from egocentric speech where one simply derives pleasure from speaking to being a way of exchanging their ideas or opinions. Although Piaget’s work and theory is critical, it neither accounts for the child’s behavior as a whole nor for the cognitive development after the stage of ‘formal operation’ is reached. It offers vast insight into the developmental process of a child but little instruction on attaining language skills. It was also based solely on a Western model and is therefore quite limiting. SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION Input & Output Hypotheses As a result of older models of language teaching where attention was given to language grammar, Krashen (1981) places his focus on communication input. He contends that if the learner is given a chance to absorb the language, they will be better equipped to acquire it. Rather than forcing output immediately, Krashen holds to a silent period where learners have the privilege of just listening to language before attempting it†¦much like a young child would in learning their mother tongue. Comprehensible input (i + 1) is the formula that Krashen holds to for optimal language learning for second language learners (SLLs). This states that if a SLL is offered input that is only slightly beyond what they already know, acquisition will take place. He also makes a differentiation between language learning and language acquisition, claiming that acquisition is what is needed for the language learning process. Criticisms of Krashen’s hypothesis are that input alone cannot account for acquisition and that some grammatical forms cannot be learned without being taught. Swain (1985) introduces her Output Hypothesis in contrast to Krashen and claims that no matter the input, if the output is unintelligible, acquisition has not truly occurred. It is the output that forces learners to grapple with the grammatical processing and figure out what works. Through output, a learner can realize their problem areas, can experiment with new areas they are unsure of, and gives them the chance to analyze problems they are having in their language learning process. CONCLUSION As we can see in first and second language acquisition, there is not simply one way to which theorists hold in the process of learning or acquiring language. In looking at how one acquires their mother tongue, however, insights can be made into second language acquisition as well. In fact, it is through first language acquisition theories that other theories can spring from to delve into how second language acquisition occurs. These insights become helpful in the classroom and give the teacher foundational aspects that they can build off of. Pass| 7. 5. -8. 5 (David)

The Property Control Department Is Responsible For The...

Policy (function) The Property Control Department is committed to the smooth and effective operation of East Central Regional hospital. Property Control is necessary to move, retrieve, store, and maintain accountability of all property and equipment for Individual and State property. In addition, to properly disposing of items that is either broken or are no longer useful, it will provide folding tables and chairs, including transportation for special functions and events hosted by East Central Regional Hospital. Property Control will also pick-up and provide storage and/or transporting of records to be stored in the local or State Archives Records storage area and provide campus-wide shredding support. Procedure Requesting for Property†¦show more content†¦The Department Name, Building number, room number, contact name and phone number 3. Next, indicate on the form, where to deliver the property, which is the â€Å"To† section. The Department Name, Building number, room number, contact name and phone number. 4. If you are requesting for tables and/or chairs, the Department will be warehouse or property control, Building 20, in the â€Å"From†, section. 5. If you are requesting for a pickup of a broken item or inoperable appliance indicate on the form, warehouse or property control, Building 20, in the â€Å"To† section. 6. Select if this request is a safety or behavioral concern, this will help to prioritize the work schedule. 7. Select the date of request, which is commonly used for order tables and chairs for special events and activities though out the campuses. 8. Indicate the quantity of the asset in the first column, next the description of the item. For example: chair, black, broken, then if applicable, serial number and state number. Make to list each item, in order to make sure that the warehouse is sending adequate manpower and equipment to complete the request in a timely and efficient manner. 9. The Property Control form must be scanned or sent as an attachment (preferred) to propertycontrol@dbhdd.ga.gov. 10. The Property Control email address is frequently monitored by the Warehouse Manager and Clerk. Unless a specified date of request is indicated on the form, or if it is not a safety or behavioral

Essay about Social Psychology and Cults - 2137 Words

A cult is defined as a social group or a social movement under one charismatic leader. It maintains a belief system, which includes a transformation of a group member. Members of the group have a high level of commitment to the leader, members, and beliefs (Lalich). An additional definition to consider is from the American Journal of Psychotherapy: †¦groups that often exploit members psychologically and/or financially, typically by making members comply with leadership’s demands through certain types of psychological manipulation, popularly called mind control, and through the inculcation of deep-seated anxious dependency on the group and its leaders (Salande, and Perkins 382). To consider a social group as a cult, it must meet certain†¦show more content†¦The second factor is the outcome. People in cults often come out of the group in a worse position than when they first joined the cult. They could be worse off financially, psychologically, or relationally to give a few examples. More times than not, people in groups that are not considered cults do not produce the effects listed above. Instead, members of these groups report that they improve as a person in some way (Salande, and Perkins 382, 383). Cults can be differentiated from other groups because of the methods that cults use, and the effect that cults can have on its members. Cults can be classified as destructive, considering the methods used and how membership affects individuals. According to the International Cultic Studies Association or ICSA, cults can be considered destructive to its members. Reports form former cult member’s reveals that they have trouble trusting others, problems forming and maintaining relationships, and feel disconnected with the world. In addition, former cult members report being diagnosed with depression and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD often having flashbacks of events that occurred while they were in the cult. 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Analysis Of The Film New York - 1687 Words

Aseem quite vividly describes the first time he heard about the film and how he came to be the cinematographer for it. He elaborates, â€Å"I had just come back from New York after shooting the film ‘New York’ and Irrfan called me and said there’s a film called Paan Singh Tomar. I hadn’t ever heard about him at the time. I had heard of Milkha Singh and other famous athletes and Phoolan Devi, Man Singh and other notorious bandits but not Paan Singh Tomar. Irrfan said there is a film, my friend is directing it, and he asked me to shoot it because of the way I shot Bhanwar (television docudrama). He really liked the look in the series. Bhanwar was how I met Irrfan as he had come to Delhi to shoot one of the episodes. So I met Tigmanshu and he gave me the script. The moment I read it I felt this was my kind of script. I liked it a lot. I liked the movie Bandit Queen- the way it was handled, the way it was shot, the consistency of the film/cinematography. 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Transplantation A Question of Ethics Essay Sample free essay sample

In the coming of the 21stcentury. about six-thousand patients who were on the pending list for organ grafts and replacings passed off trusting to have the intervention ( Kogan. 1991 ) . For the privileged organ receiving systems. 2nd opportunities are a world ; such are a chance for a renewed or better being. Promotions in the medical kingdom have made it accomplishable for a battalion of Americans to obtain these life-resuscitating contributions. otherwise known asgifts. The medical universe did non in general encourage the thought of organ abstraction for organ transplant without confer withing the following of family as could be legitimate in a peculiar statute law. The medical universe did non in general encourage the thought of organ abstraction for organ transplant without confer withing the following of family as could be legitimate in the suggested statute law. For case. it is inexplicit in Scotland that a basic requirement for seeking consent from the household members will be subsumed in their statute law ( Caplan and Coelho. 1998 ) . Clinical moralss weighs up the probity of determinations on the topic of medical attention made by or with patients and their following of family. Predicaments of clinical moralss subsume doing a determination on whether or non to acquire rid of life-supporting therapy or intervention. doing medical determinations for a patient- or family-consented organ contribution. or a down for the count individual. and taking attention of wants for mercy killing from patients themselves or their closest relations ( Caplan and Coelho. 1998 ) . For case. bulk of medical centres rely at nowadays on replacement or deputy consent from any a qualified member of the household. This consent can leave a quandary to the relations. who must settle on whether to esteem the patient’s functionary donor card. This procedure can turn to be debatable if the following of blood-related measuring the state of affairs do non hold a solid understanding and full appreciation of the patient’s desires or h ave qualms derived from their personal ethical motives. As a consequence. a antecedently fit individual’s will. which is recognized either in verbal or written understanding. can be outweighed by the determination of the household members ( Ross. 1998 ). One manner of fastening the disparity between the supply and demand of transplant variety meats is by doing optimum usage of the alleged giver registers ( Blumstein and Sloan. 1989 ) . Verifying from the registry should be obligatory anterior to organ abstraction and. as a auxiliary safeguard. household members should be consulted on whether they are cognizant of any resistance that had failed to register. Enlisting non-donors might downscale sentiments of unseemliness on the portion of the enrollment class of action. and may strengthen the ethical and moral terms of the register. The chief drawback to doing record of non-donors is that making so may be construed to intend that those who have non been consulted about their propensity to organ contribution or who call for more information have non had the opportunity to turn down ( Caplan and Coelho. 1998 ) . The Human Tissue Bill peculiarly cares for presumed consent for organ and tissue contribution in which the donor’s penchants were officially expressed. Medical physicians deems this alteration apposite to refocus the importance in the new statute law off from restraint of tissue or organ contribution and would consequentially render contribution hassle-free. for the public assistance of the patients ( Blumstein and Sloan. 1989 ) . The status for absence of expostulation would establish the needful stableness in the procedure to screen likely organ helpers ( Kogan. 1991 ) . When a household considers how many other lives could be saved with the consent they can give for an organ contribution. they thought of the greater goodness that this simple approval could convey ( Wilson. 1993 ) . Some parts of the United States have donor registers where interested parties can enter their behest to be a helper. At the clip of the possible donor’s decease. the contribution centres can authenticate their command to be an organ subscriber. Other provinces have put into pattern First-Person Consent in which a driver’s licence appellation or an attested giver card is the mere confirmation required for contribution to hold consequence. Still other provinces hinge on the promising donor’s atomic relations to allow consent ( Ross. 1998 ) . Today. groups armed with moral dockets are seeking to derive public support for their plans. The chief contentions have resided in those countries in which private morality and public policy convergence. To do the determinations centralized. World Medical Association was founded as an organisation of several of the world’s national medical associations. Instituted in 1947. this medical society has embraced an international codification of medical moralss and many other ethical dictums. The centre of operations is in Ferney-Voltaire. France ( Blumstein and Sloan. 1989 ) . Ethical decision-making techniques are made available by the World Medical Association to assist the medical professionals trade with societal and ethical deductions or jobs like those cited supra. We can do value judgements rationally. even when we have threading feelings about an issue if we are consciously cognizant of the values we hold. We can avoid doing judgements at an emotional degree without carefully sing our options. The ethical decision-making techniques ought to assist people to clearly place their values and to do determinations about ethical and societal issues consistent with those values in the medical context ( Blumstein and Sloan. 1989 ) . All the same people are non forced to go their lives merely to donate. Populating worlds can donate liver. kidney or lung. in add-on to tissues such as bone marrow and blood. Medical know-how and the processs for organ organ transplant have late grown sophisticated in less than half a century. Today. a good figure of persons have the opportunity of lengthening their lives or merely a 2nd opportunity on a healthier life ( Wilson. 1993 ) . As a giver. they may good salve or better the quality of life for every bit many as 160. 000 Americans who die each twelvemonth waiting for organ grafts ( Caplan and Coelho. 1998 ) . Though. this has to be completed between close relations to vouch the most congruous familial lucifer and consented. peaceable credence. While mourning for the patient or giver. the household can in any instance happen consolation in recognizing that their darling relative’s variety meats and tissue continue toexistin others and revive the lives of those in demand ( Kogan. 1991 ) . In the particular instance of bosom organ transplant. even if the design jobs are solved so that implants in worlds are executable. ethical jobs will stay. The cost of fabrication and engrafting an unreal bosom now exceeds $ 100. 000. far more than most possible receivers can afford ( Blumstein and Sloan. 1989 ) . Can and will taxpayers and insurance premium remunerators accept the load of supplying such a bosom for all who need them? If non. who will take which persons will have them. and how will these picks be made? Should such ethical jobs have been resolved before apportioning $ 10 million in authorities financess per twelvemonth for several old ages to bosom replacing research ( Blumstein and Sloan. 1989 ) ? Though some bioethical determinations involve persons. many involve larger groups. viz. households. communities. or whole states. In add-on to emotional comfort. two other standards can be used to measure the cogency of a determination. that is. catholicity and proportionate good. The standard of catholicity asks whether the consequence would be acceptable if everyone in a similar state of affairs made the same determination. The standard of proportionate good asks whether the determination consequences in the greatest good for the most people ( Wilson. 1993 ) . Application of these ethical decision-making techniques should be of aid to the medical professional in get bying with the increasing figure of ethical issues confronting wellness professionals. and all citizens. in today’s complex universe. Mentions Blumstein. James F. . and Frank A. Sloan. ( 1989 ) .Organ Transplant Policy: Issues and Prospects. Duke University Press. Caplan. Arthur L. . and Daniel H. Coelho ( 1998 ) .The Ethical motives of Organ Grafts: The Current Argument. Prometheus Books. Kogan. Barry S. ( 1991 ) .A Time to Be Born and a Time to Die: The Ethical motives of Choice. Aldine de Gruyter. Ross. Lainie Friedman. ( 1998 ) .Children. Families. and Health Care Decision Making. Clarendon Press. Wilson. James Q. ( 1993 ) . â€Å"What Is Moral. and How Do We Know It? †Comment.

Les Mis Final Essay free essay sample

The Turmoil of Neglect A Chinese proverb once stated â€Å"[g]overn a family as you would cook a small fish very gently. † A life without family allegiance may bring man down, but the way man treats this situation determines the outcome of their life. Many cases of child neglect occur each day and nothing is done to help these children. As a result, these children live their whole lives alone because they never had any family there for them. This is also shown in the novel Les Miserables through the characters Marius and Eponine. Hugo demonstrates the idea of neglect through the lack of family allegiance and shows how man can work through it. In Victor Hugo’s amaranthine classic, Les Miserables, neglect and the lack of family allegiance is portrayed as the undying force that causes man to resort to desperation to feel loved; throughout â€Å"Carnation girl, 14, found starved to 48 pounds† Mike Carter continuously advances the idea of the effects of child neglect in today’s contemporary life. We will write a custom essay sample on Les Mis Final Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We as a society need to allow more opportunities of love for neglected children; in Les Mis the quandary of neglect is resolved through finding the love of others. In Les Mis the first instance of neglect is with Marius. Whilst dealing with being fatherless and shunned by his grandfather, Marius struggles to find love in his life. Marius is a young man who has lived most of his life with his grandfather, but as Marius ages his thoughts start to differ to those of his grandfather, Gillenormand’s. As a result, Marius becomes more hostile to Gillenormand, who eventually kicks Marius out. Marius is feeling neglect in this situation because the only family he has ever known no longer wants to see him. This feeling of neglect had Marius â€Å"ready to melt into tears. It seemed to him that he had just lost his soul† (Hugo 296). Here Marius is starting to understand the importance of family allegiance. The effects of neglect are dawning on him and he is brought to tears, showing that he needs it in his life. Without the only family he’s ever had, Marius realizes his life has come to nothing. Even when Gillenormand tries to keep in touch, Marius refuses because his pride gets in the way. Through the time that Marius lives in neglect, it is the worst time of his live. Without his family life has become a lackluster struggle that his driven him to poverty. Nothing seems good to him anymore and every day is a challenge. He is deprived of hope and happiness as a result of this neglect. Throughout the â€Å"five years Marius had lived in poverty† he realized his life was drifting to â€Å"privation†¦ distress even† (290). The many years of neglect have taken a serious toll on Marius. The word privation proves that the lack of family may even be killing Marius. Hugo is showing that man simply cannot function without family or love in his life. Even though Marius has the option to go back with his grandfather, his stubborn and arrogant personality will not let him. Marius’ desperation, however, grows as the story progresses. He develops a love for a woman named Cosette. Marius does not know this girl, but he thinks he is in love with her. This is caused by his many loveless years of neglect. After Marius sees Cosette for the first time in six months, she appears to have â€Å"put on a mantle of beauty† (291). This is showing how the neglect has finally made Marius snap and he finds he has to love someone. The desperation for love drove Marius to essentially love the first thing he saw, this being Cosette. Hugo also demonstrates the idea of this undying neglect through the character Eponine. Even though she belongs to a family, Eponine is one of the most neglected Thenardier children and often resorts to desperation to find someone to care for her. The lack of love from her family essentially causes Eponine to age at an exponential rate. Since she has no family to love her Eponine has become very promiscuous and sleeps around a lot. Mr. Thenardier, her father, is the most neglectful member of the family. He has not one ounce of care for his family, all he cares about is conning other people out of their hard earned money. He uses his daughter Eponine as one way of doing this. Eponine is â€Å"sold† by her father to have sex with men so he can gain money. She used to be a beautiful girl, but because of this neglect â€Å"the grace of her youth was†¦ struggling against the hideous old age brought on by debauchery and poverty† (286). Hugo is showing how living a short life of neglect can make someone seem like they are much older. Eponine’s beauty was annihilated as a result of neglect. The word debauchery is used to demonstrate how this neglect has caused her to become a desperate woman, who is looking for different things to make her feel better about herself. Even Marius, who has been living in solitude and neglect for years realizes that â€Å"he had never known real misery. Real misery he had just seen† in Eponine (290). This is showing how Eponine has taken the worst effects of the neglect she has experienced. Eponine is the most unfortunate person Marius has seen, and he lived on the streets for five years. Eponine’s desperation only rises when she meets Marius, however. She immediately develops an infatuation for him. She views him as â€Å"a very pretty boy† and even though Marius â€Å"pays no attention† to her, â€Å"[she] know[s] [him], Monsieur Marius† (288). Hugo is now showing is that Eponine’s desperation has led her to start stalking Marius. The neglect Eponine has faced forces her to do things she might not have normally done. Such acts deem her as crazy to people such as Marius. Her small infatuation eventually turns to an undying love and obsession for Marius. She ends up wanting Marius so bad, she takes a bullet for him. The everlasting problem of neglect exists not only in the novel, but also happens to many children even today. All throughout society today, many children are neglected by their parents and are subject to near death experiences. A young girl from the town of Carnation was found starved to a mere 48 pounds at the age of 14. Her family neglected her for years by locking her into her room and denying her access to food and water. Over the course of the many years of neglect, the young girl was faced with the ultimate struggle, the struggle for life. She was forced to â€Å"survive on toast and a half a Dixie cup of water a day† (Carter). The amount of food and water she was given is not enough to live off of, which is why her desperation to live has kicked in. The lack of family allegiance in her life caused her natural instinct to live to kick in. At times when it seemed like she needed water to live, â€Å"she would sometimes suck condensation from the windows or sneak a drink from the toilet† (Carter). These are things that would not normally be done by any human being. The neglect this girl was facing caused her to resort to nearly ecoming an animal to live. This relates back to Les Mis when Marius was living on the streets. Marius had many challenges to overcome just like the girl. The problem today is much more extreme today than portrayed in the novel. Today the children that face neglect are locked up and deprived of any help whatsoever, but in Les Mis the people who faced neglect could reach out to any people they could to get help. The effects on the children of today’s life are much worse than that of Les Mis. As stated in the article, at the age of 14 she â€Å"was 4 foot 7 and weighed 48 pounds† (Carter). This is showing how in today’s society the children who face neglect are nearly killed as a result. The problem of neglect is a serious and troubling one, but that does not mean there are no solutions for it. The neglect Marius faces in his life seems to lead him down an unbearable path of loneliness and depression, however, things start to look better once he meets the woman of his dreams, Cosette. One day while Marius is feeling sad, and alone, he sees a beautiful woman named Cosette. He immediately falls in love with her and wants to meet her, however he doesn’t know where or how to start. He notices she is always with an older man who appears to be her father. The solution for Marius to be a happy man and to work through the neglect is Cosette. When Marius saw her beauty, he instantly became obsessed. It has been some time since Marius first saw her, and now he sees that â€Å"she had not only grown, she had become idealized† (291). Hugo is telling us how Marius has become obsessed, and that she is his idea of perfection, thus showing that Cosette is the solution for Marius’ life of neglect. After Marius gets to know Cosette, he starts putting all his time and thought into her. He would not make a decision without thinking of Cosette first. Even though Marius is no longer feeling the effects of neglect, he starts to face the consequences of obsession. It gets to the point where when Cosette needs to move away to another country, Marius feels his life is over, and goes to get himself killed at the barricade. This is all a result of the neglect Marius faced growing up. Even though the solution was to find love, this love drove Marius psychotic and made him want to end his life. Similarly, Eponine’s solution did not end well. Eponine’s constant neglect and cumbersome life seem to cause her to age apidly and make her a weak person, until things start to lighten up when she meets Marius. Marius is to Eponine, as Cosette is to Marius. He is the one thing that can possibly make Eponine’s life better, but he hardly knows she exists. Eponine develops the loving feeling that she never felt with her family, for Marius. In doing this, she is filling the gap in her live that has been vacant for so long. Even the slightest thing that Marius does is shown to bring happiness and joy into her live. When Marius â€Å"gave†¦five francs to the young girl†, she is ecstatic and exclaims that â€Å"there is some sunshine† (289). Even though Marius only gave her a small amount of money, the fact that she had any correlation with Marius whatsoever gave her hope. Although, much like Marius’ love with Cosette, Eponine gets too caught up. There comes a point at the barricade for the rebel forces where Marius is in danger, and Eponine puts her life in danger just to save him. Marius is about to be shot, but Eponine steps in and puts her hand out. The man shoots the bullet through her hand, and Eponine takes the bullet to the chest. As Eponine was cured of her life of neglect, she started focusing too much onto Marius, which resulted in her death. In both instances of the novel, the solution ended up leading to a much worse fate. Although some may argue that death is a better fate than the life of suffering they would have had to live if there was no one for them to love. Throughout the novel, Hugo illustrates the solutions for neglect as love in one person. However, in today’s society, the solution is shown to be love from a family and all the necessities of life. The little girl from Carnation, Washington was forced to literally suck water out of windows to live, until the police found out and put her into a hospital and eventually a foster home. With the help of the hospital and the foster home, the girl’s life was ultimately saved. The people who neglected the young child were thrown into jail for the gruesome fate they set out for this young woman. Even though she was put into a better place, things were not all happy and free yet. She still had many complications from the years of suffering she was put through. But with the help of her foster family, she has managed to â€Å"[gain] 20 pounds, [attend] private school, and [make] friends† (Carter). The young girl’s success has been illustrated through the idea that a neglectful life can be turned around if you give enough love to that person. The progress made after the girl was presented with a little bit of love is immaculate, and if the characters in Les Miserables had taken the same approach, they would have ended up happy and not dead. From the beginning it has been shown that neglect can lead to a very tragic and dreadful life, but the ability to stay with and persevere through it can cause anyone to be happy. The deteriorating force of neglect will tear apart at man’s life until an opportunity for love is given. In Victor Hugo’s timeless classic, Les Miserables, neglect and the lack of family allegiance is portrayed as the ruthless and destructive force that causes man to feel alone and wanted, thus leading to desperation; throughout â€Å"Carnation girl, 14, found starved to 48 pounds† Mike Carter continuously illustrates that child neglect is a growing issue that must be stopped. As a society, we need to have more support groups and group home organizations for neglected children; in Les Mis the quandary of neglect is resolved through seeking the attention and love of someone else. Marius is neglected by his grandfather, and ends up living on the streets for five years. His desperation causes him to follow a woman named Cosette. Like Marius, Eponine is also neglected as a child. Only at the age of 16 she is already a prostitute, and looks much older than she is as a result. With this neglect, comes her desperation for Marius. Similarly in the sense of neglect, the little girl from Carnation, Washington faces terrible turmoils. She is forced to not eat or drink and is locked in a room. She nearly dies and when she has to drink she sometimes sneaks it from the toilet. The universal solution for solving this problem of neglect is love from others and family. When Marius is presented with Cosette he forgets about all the bad things in his life and thinks he has it better. The same happens with Eponine, but she falls for Marius. When she is in love with Marius, her poverty doesn’t seem to bother her anymore. The girl from Washington is given the opportunity to live with a family that loves and cares for her. When this happens, she quickly gets back on her feet, gaining back the necessary weight to live. She makes friends as well which turn her neglectful life back to normal. The issue of child neglect is prominent in today’s society because it is so much easier to do it and not get found out. Parent’s can lock their kids up in basements, closets, etc. and never be found out. Child neglect happens every day and you most of the time will not be able to tell unless you see a kid walking alone in the streets. A family is a very sacred bond that when broken, can lead to very strenuous lives.